Normative Ethics Society Determines What Moral and...

Normative ethics are those ethical principles and values that are considered morally correct and express principles of good character, actions that are viewed as right rather than wrong and are commonly accepted and reasonable. The prompt in this assignment refers to the requirement of â€Å"the existence of normative† requiring the practice of normative ethics in how individuals and society determine what moral and ethical act or action is correct and acceptable. Normative ethics embraces the philosophical theory of a normal sense of morals and principles that would be proper and acknowledged as positive and good. The prompt also refers to the â€Å"oppressed† fighting a futile or ineffective battle for a mutual ethical relationship. This†¦show more content†¦An example of this is that normative ethics focus on right and wrong, how different cultures and ethnic populations should treat one another, meta-ethics explores the judgment or decision one makes in determining right and wrong and what may influence a group as to their views on racism, ethic culture and social values and applied ethics which encompasses areas of specific controversial subject matter which would include racism and human equality. As one ethic group accepts the cultural, social and racial characteristics of another ethnic group, normative ethics can be established where we as a society should exist with one another, interacting and connecting with each other to reach for moral standards that are favorable to all. Western philosophical ethical theories date back to the times of ancient Greece with concepts on ethics focused on social system values and social behavior and we’re taught by Greek philosophers. A form of racism existed in this ancient time, as people from one ethnic or racial group saw themselves as being superior to other ethnic and racial groups. Early Greek philosophical teachings and beliefs including Aristotle, believed that a ruling cl ass would provide the perfect state of being, this perfect state providing the utmost of moral virtue, the way we should act ethically as opposed to vice being that of immoral ethics. A key focus for Aristotle was his teachings that pursuing happiness in life was the ultimate objective. InShow MoreRelatedDeontology and Utilitarianism Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe the main principles of the two normative ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. Compare and contrast the two theories, bringing out any problems or limitations you see in each. INTRODUCTION:- Bioethicists ask these questions in the context of modern medicine and draw on a plurality of traditions, both secular and religious, to help society understand and keep pace with how advances in science and medical technology can change the way we experience the meaning of healthRead MoreNormative Theories Of Ethics And Its Principles2769 Words   |  12 Pages Normative theories of ethics The area of philosophy which is concerned with systematizing, defending and recommendation the concepts of right and wrong is briefly defined as ethics. Thus, ethics can be consider as a set of moral rules practiced by a group of people or community. The origin of word Ethics is greece, derived from the word ‘ethikos’, meaning habit. The theories of ethics and its principles are the standing pillars of ethical analysis. These ethical theories are alwaysRead MoreSimilarities And Contrast Of The Seven Moral Philosophies3772 Words   |  16 PagesCOMPARE AND CONTRAST OF THE MORAL PHILOSOPHIES 13 Running head: COMPARE AND CONTRAST OF THE MORAL PHILOSOPHIES 1 Compare and Contrast of the Seven Moral Philosophies Angela Overmyer, Brickley Nason, Casey Carsten, Elvin Wright, Emily Gatlin, Paige Sherwood, and Summar VandenHeuvel Davenport University BUSN 210 Professor Sharon Romine September 27, 2014 Compare and Contrast of the Seven Moral Philosophies INTRODUCTION One philosopher wrote, Like the wheel, business is one of theRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Human Enhancement2228 Words   |  9 PagesOne of the most prominent ethical issues faced today is that of human enhancement. The ethical issues that occur when looking at the concept of human enhancement are defined by the ideas of â€Å"human nature, personal identity, moral status, well-being, and problems in normative ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of mind, and epistemology† (Savulescu, 2) There are a plethora of ways in which human enhancement can become an issue in every profession such as sports, marketing, and any job that requiresRead MoreHCM 420 Mastery Exercises Essay2181 Words   |  9 Pagesidentified 7 stages of moral development. a. False 3. True or false? Rawls view of social justice includes people making choices to protect those who are in a lesser position in society. a. True 4. True or false? The application of the principle of nonmaleficence is not restricted to patient treatment. a. True 5. True or false? Fidelity means keeping your word to others and, in ethics, fidelity fits into the Buber View. a. False 6. True or false? Beneficence is a principle of ethics that assumes thatRead MoreTaking a Look at Euthanasia1733 Words   |  7 Pagescontinues to be the subject to moral, legal, religious and political debates around the world. At the core of debate lies to competing values between the right for every individual to decide to die with dignity when suffering, and the need to uphold the right to life. (Australian Human Rights Commission. 1996) The purpose of this task is to critically analyse the nature and extent of euthanasia and whether assisted suicide should or should not be legalised, corresponding to ethical theories. This essay willRead MoreImportance of Ethics in Business as an Academic Discipline8970 Words   |  36 PagesBusiness Ethics 2. Ethics as an Academic Discipline 3. Importance of Ethics in Business as an Academic Discipline 4. The Case Against Business Ethics Education 5. Conclusion 0.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Question 1: Discuss the importance of Ethics in business as an Academic Discipline. 0.3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In today’s highly competitive, performance-driven business climate, regulations are not enough; professional ethics codes are not enough; the old model of â€Å"business ethics† is notRead MoreBusiness Ethics Test Questions with Answers Essay22425 Words   |  90 Pagesï » ¿Chap 10: 16. Which of the following is true of gatekeepers? a. They are not bound to ethical duties. b. Investors and boards are examples of gatekeepers. c. They serve as intermediaries between market participants. d. They are not responsible for ensuring conformance to fairness in the marketplace. Answer: c 17.  Which of the following rely on gatekeepers for fair and effective functioning of economic markets? a.  Bankers b.  Auditors c.  Accountants d.  Financial analysts Answer: a 18.Read MoreThe Theory Of The Media2438 Words   |  10 Pagesemotivism, and ethnical egoism will depict the actions, responsibly, and goal of the media. Due to the fact that the media extends to millions of people, â€Å"majority rules† is the best way to control how and what is distributed by the media. Utilitarianism is the theory that is based on emotions by supporting the larger group of people, focusing on the outcome. According to Mosser (2013), â€Å"Utilitarianism argues that, given a set of choices, the act we should choose is that which produces the bestRead MoreApplication of Ethical Theories12285 Words   |  50 Pagesof ethical theories in ethical reasoning and behavior within organizations - Research proposal Sigalit Pasternak, Phd student The Faculty of Management Tel Aviv University Supervisor: Dr. Ishak Saporta Introduction Business ethics is a specialized branch of ethics focusing on how moral standards apply to business organizations and behavior (Velasques, 1998). As such, it cannot be understood separately from the general ideas of ethics, and the general ethical theories apply to business ethics as

Persuasive Essay On Same Sex Marriage - 1232 Words

Opposite Sex Marriage The concept of marriage has been around for thousands of years. Marriage is the conjoining of two people who love each other. People get married because they love the other person and can see themselves living together for the rest of their lives. Marriage has always been between man and woman. However, now days people in the same sex want to get married. People do not know what to think about gay marriage, which is why it is a controversial subject in todays culture. People can not quite understand it because marriage between man and women had been happening for years. People dont what to think because opposite sex marriage had been working for so long. So why change something that works just fine? The†¦show more content†¦If letting people have spouses of the same gender helps our economy, why do we not accept them and allow them to get married. Gay marriages also have a positive effect on our society. Murray Lip who is the administer to a Facebook pa ge dedicated to gay marriage in the USA, but who is also a social justice activist wrote the article â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage Benefits Society in Many Ways.† Murray mentions in her article how There are at least seven ways in which the legalization of gay marriage is beneficial for LGBT Americans and the United States of America.† The seven ways include helping with non discrimination in society, promoting family stability, provided economic opportunities and much more. Each of these seven areas helps to promote the equality between all people in society through different aspects of the world. Not only does same sex marriage help the economy and but they also represent a new type of marriage that is just as valid. Marriages is marriage no matter who they marry. One type of marriage is same-sex. Most people do not believe that this marriage can work out. But in reality it can work out just as well as marriage between an opposite sex couple. Sex couples want to have the chance to get married and have the same rights as everyone else. Murray states in her article, â€Å"It is timeShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Same Sex Marriage1368 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is the legal and formal recognition of the union of a man and a woman. This simple definition has been modified several times.In the past, marriage was allowed only through the union of the same race, such as a white male and white female, black male and black female, however, now, it is a battle of allowing the marriage of the same-sex. The fight is not only to help protect rights for same-sex couples, but, also, to interracial couples, who have been experiencing racism and discriminationRead MorePersuasive Essay On Same Sex Marriage776 Words   |  4 Pages The issue of same sex marriage is an arguement that everyone has heard before. Some states, like California, argue incessantly about it; they pass and repeal the same few bills and laws dozens of times before anything gets done. In other countries, Canada for example, it is legal universally. Not allowing same sex marriage is a violation of constitutional law (Gannon). The constitution says that we all have equal rights, yet part of the population isn’t allowed to marry the people they loveRead MorePersuasive Essay: Same Sex Marriage1810 Words   |  8 Pagesbanned same-sex marriage, 5 that allow civil unions between same sex couples, and 6 that allow same-sex marriage, along with DC. However, due to DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act), the federal government does not recognize same-sex marriage in these states. According to the 2010 Census, there were 646,000 same-sex couple households, and 115,064 of those couples have children. Same-sex marriage (also called gay marriage) is a legally or socially recognized marriage between two persons of the same biologicalRead MorePersuasive Speech: Why You Should Oppose Same-Sex Marriage Essay examples1267 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasive Speech: Same sex marriages General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose Statement: To persuade the audience to agree that same-sex marriages should not be legal Central Idea: The audience will realize the vices and social disorders created by legalization of same sex marriages in order to preserve marital norms INTRODUCTION I. Same sex marriage is a trending topic if not a trendy one. Countries throughout the globe are pressured with the question of homosexuality beingRead MoreMarriage Equality2061 Words   |  9 PagesSame sex marriage is one of the most controversial trends that appear in the world today. In today’s society most of us are taught that a marriage should be a union between a man and a woman, as well as, same sex relationships being a sin because it is looked down upon by God. Despite the criticism of gay marriage many states such as Massachusetts, California, New York, and Oregon have made same sex marriage legal. In the fight for gay marriage political essay such as â€Å"Gay â€Å"Marriage†: Societal Suicide†Read More Let Gays Marry and Leave Marriage Alone Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesI will summarize some of the key points from the essay, Let Gays Marry, by Andrew Sullivan, and the essay, Leave Marriage Alone, by William Bennett. Some of these main points are taken from mutual beliefs of both authors and others are derived from the opposing opinions of the two. The first summary of Andrew Sullivan’s essay is a reflection of Andrew Sullivan’s stance of the issue. The original essay was in favor of allowing same sex marriage in America. My summary will dictate some of theRead More Equal Rights for All Essays918 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Rights for All Gay marriage has always been a subject of great controversy. Andrew Sullivan addresses this issue in his persuasive essay entitled â€Å"Let Gays Marry.† Sullivan’s essay appeared in Newsweek in June of 1996. Through his problem/solution structure of this essay, Sullivan uses rhetorical appeals to try and persuade the audience to accept gay marriage as a natural part of life. Sullivan, an editor of The New Republic, also wrote Virtually Normal: An ArgumentRead MoreI have been a student in English Composition II for one semester in which I have learned many700 Words   |  3 Pageswhat my claim is. After the culmination of five essays, three of them have caught my attention the most and in my opinion they show my improvement as a writer. The three essays, which will be forming my portfolio for this semester, dealt with articles from Times magazine and coverage from ABC and FOX news. The topics of my three essays are different , but they all show the relation between the type of claim and how the claim is made. The first essay dealt with the disappearance of the MalaysianRead MoreSame-sex Marriage and Jordan1107 Words   |  5 Pagesequal protection clause that states â€Å"No state shall †¦deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (CITE). Our country was founded on the principle that all people should be treated equally. Everyone should be guaranteed the same freedoms and rights no matter what gender, ethnicity or sexual orientation. One group that has historically and continuously been discriminated against is homosexuals. Author Jeff J ordan in his article â€Å"Is it Wrong to Discriminate on the Basis of HomosexualityRead MoreWhen an author writes a piece of work, they go through several drafts before they feel that their1300 Words   |  6 Pageswriter is grammar. I tend to misuse commas a lot, which on my essays were labeled â€Å"comma splices.† In the first few essays that I wrote, I had a few of these comma splices. For example in my summary essay I wrote, â€Å"Julie spent two years in Indonesia studying and performing, she had become one of the family in the village where she stayed.† That comma should not have been put there. I had the same comma splice problem in my critique essay. I wrote, â€Å"She partook in an experimental problem that only

Disgrace Essay free essay sample

Disgrace by J. M. Coetzee we are introduced to David Lurie, the protagonist and narrator of this novel. David Lurie is a 52 year old divorced man, who lives in Cape Town, South Africa, as a respected romantic poetry professor at a university. His life is full of sexual, non-committed relationships. After being accused of inappropriate behavior with a student, Lurie loses his job at the university and must move in with his daughter, Lucy, in the country. Throughout the novel we see many references to animals, especially in relation to Lurie. Because he is the narrator of the novel, these animal references lead the reader to believe Lurie is describing himself through these animals. Lurie uses descriptions of animals as a way to describe how he feels about himself. We see Lurie go from a sexually charged predator, to a strange beast who has been hunter, to a dog-man, and then finally to a helpless dog who is ready to be put out of his misery. David Lurie is a predator at the beginning of the novel. He is a man searching for sex, and for the most part he is successful at it. His first sexual interest he introduces us to is Soraya, a prostitute who he has been going to see for a long time. Lurie describes them having sex by comparing them to snakes engaged in intercourse, lengthy, absorbed, but rather abstract, rather dry, even at its hottest (Coetzee 5 ). Being the narrator, this shows the reader how David views himself, as well as Soraya, as cold, scary, almost evil, creatures, like snakes. Snakes give off a very negative emotion because they are dangerous animals, and this comparison leads us to believe David too must be a dangerous animal. Soraya eventually tries to cut ties with David, but David being the predator he is cannot let his prey go. He is able to find Soraya’s home phone number and when he calls her she is livid he would cross that line. But then, what should a predator expect when he intrudes into the vixens nest, into the home of her cubs? (Coetzee 10). Soraya is a mother, and feels like David calling her home is going to be a threat to her family, especially her children. The next instance where we see David describing himself as a predator is during his first sexual encounter with his student, Melanie. David is very persistent in sleeping with Melanie, and once he has finally chased her down he describes the experience as like a rabbit when the jaws of the fox close on its neck (Coetzee 25). He is well aware by making this statement that Melanie does not want to be in this situation with him, but he does not care, he has been chasing this prey for too to just let it go. This is not the last time David engages Melanie regardless of her strong reluctance however, and Melanie eventually has enough and reports Lurie to the University where he teaches. David Lurie goes from being the predator, to now being the one who is being chased. He is being chased by the University committee who is investigating David’s indiscretions with Melanie. The committee is described by Lurie as hunters who have cornered a strange beast and do not know how to finish it off. (Coetzee 56). The tables have turned and Lurie is now this strange beast that has been hunted down. David refuses to apologize however, and instead loses his job. Lurie could have simply said sorry for his actions and he would have had a chance to keep his position at the University, but in his mind he did not do anything wrong. He compares himself an old neighbor’s dog, saying that every time a â€Å"bitch† would be in the yard the dog would become so excitable that he could not be controlled. The dog was not allowed to go through with his natural desires, which caused the dog to act strange and just run around the garden â€Å"with its ears flat and its tail between its legs, whining, trying to hide. (Coetzee 69 ). David sees himself in this dog, he is being punished and being told he is not allowed to do something that feels so natural to him. He says that the dog would have preferred to be shot over being denied its natural urges. David chose to be shot (lose his job) when he refuses to express that he did anything wrong by sleeping with Melanie. After losing his job David must go live with his daughter, Lucy, out in the cou ntry. While living with Lucy, David goes through a lot, and through helping take care of her dogs we see a softer side of him through his descriptions of these dogs. â€Å"The dogs are brought to the clinic because they are unwanted,† (Coetzee 146) Lurie says. He cares about the dogs because he too feels unwanted. â€Å"Well, now he has become a dog-man. † (Coetzee 146) David is one with these dogs, abandoned and miserable, unable to live the lives they want to be living. The dogs and David are trapped out in the country on a farm just waiting for the end. David finally does give up and we see this through his decision to put down the dog that he had become very close to, Driepoot, the young dog David has come to feel a particular fondness for (Coetzee 214-215). David had bonded with Driepoot, even signing his Opera to the dog at one point. He felt sorry for Driepoot, he felt very much like the dog. In the end of the novel, by choosing Driepoot to be put down â€Å"a (his, the dog’s) time must come, it cannot be evaded† and carries the dog, â€Å"the one who likes music† (Coetzee 219), to Bev where he will be killed. In the last sentence of the novel David states that he is â€Å"giving him up† (Coetzee 220), which is essentially David stating the he is the one giving up. Like Driepoot, David Lurie is being put out of his misery. David Lurie’s life goes through dramatic changes throughout the novel Disgrace. A once respected professor, he becomes â€Å"a mad old man who sits among the dogs singing to himself. † (Coetzee 218). Lurie uses descriptions of animals as a way to describe how he feels about himself. He goes from a predator whose main focus in life is satisfying his sexual desires, to a man who feels like a ‘strange beast’ that has been hunted by the University. David then turns to his daughter’s farm where he begins working with dogs and we see a softer David Lurie, a man who feels like the abandoned dogs who are waiting for their end to come. By the end of Disgrace we see that David is ready to accept his own end, he wants to be put out of his misery just like he does for the dog he has bonded so much with. Works Cited Coetzee, J. M. Disgrace. New York: Penguin, 1999. Print.

Twitter API Analytics

Abstract Twitter is currently one of the most imperative and powerful social media platforms. Besides, Twitter has become one of the significant new channels for public communications. The studies on the uses of Twitter have emphasized on the isolated and critical events including political and crisis communications, popular culture and events such as sports.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Twitter API Analytics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The studies also center on the applicability of the Twitter’s search stream APIs, which often provide a coordinated keywords prefixed by hashtag ‘#’. Twitter provides a critical degree of data access through its Application Programming Interphase (API) platform. The API is an interface that is designed to be used by Twitter clients. However, the interface can also be applied in tracking current events by other users especially researchers throu gh the use of a specific keyword and hashtag. The Twitter API allows researchers and other users to track and inevitably apprehend tweets with particular hashtags or keywords. Introduction Twitter is currently one of the most imperative and powerful social media platforms. Besides, Twitter has become one of the significant new channels for public communications. The studies on the uses of Twitter have emphasized on the isolated and critical events including political and crisis communications, popular culture and events such as sports. The studies also center on the applicability of the Twitter search stream API, which often provide a coordinated keywords prefixed by hashtags ‘#’. Researchers have used the Twitter’s API platforms to access, analyze and store data. The API is an interface that has been designed to be primarily used by Twitter clients. However, the interface can also be applied in tracking current events by other users especially researchers by cus tomizing specific keyword and hashtags. The Twitter API allows researchers and other users to track and inevitably apprehend tweets with particular hashtags or keywords. In an advanced usage, the API enables third party developers attach novel add-ons to the prevailing services (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). The API provides interface that allow researchers to gather more information off a particular social media services that can be used for quantitative or qualitative analysis (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the API provides the real-time data within the social media network such as Twitter (Purohit, Hampton, Shalin, Sheth, Flach Bhatt, 2013). As such, Twitter’s open APIs offers unprecedented opportunity for physicist, linguists, computer and social scientists to study the behaviors of people within the social media pl atform (Kwak, Lee, Park Moon, 2010). In fact, researchers have utilized the Twitter API to study varied human behavior across various disciplines ranging from business management to crisis response, management and communications (Marwick, 2012). The Twitter’s API has been applied by researchers to study various global events. For instance, Bruns, Highfield and Burgess (2013) used the API platform to study the Arab Spring. The API as a Data Collection Tool As indicated, Twitter provides a critical degree of data access through its Application Programming Interphase (API) platform. The APIs platform offered by Twitter allows researchers and other users to track and inevitably apprehend tweets with particular hashtags or keywords (Bruns Burgess, 2012). The increased accessibility of Twitter’s information through the use of its API platform has enabled researchers to conduct studies on various aspects of human behavior patterns. Increased novel applications of Twitterâ⠂¬â„¢s API has been developed recently (Naaman, Boase Lai, 2010). In fact, Twitter has allowed researchers in the fields of healthcare simulations as well as in education to share most relevant information through the application of specialized tools within the API platform. The capability has enabled the fields to conduct studies on various fast evolving events. Such kinds of studies are made possible due to the simplicity of the Twitter’s API (Shi, Rui Whinston, 2014). Given the simplicity of the Twitter’s API, the popularity of diverse web-page application has increased (Bagley, 2012). Such web-page applications have provided value-added services to the Twitter users. For instance, Twuffer web application allows Twitter users to schedule tweets for future dates. Twidentify is also another web-based Twitter search engine that allows users to examine tweets through the use of keywords. Such tools are normally applied in the API platform and enables researchers to ea sily follow trends on a particular event through the application of keywords or certain words prefixed by the hashtag (Humphreys, Gill Krishnamurthy, 2014).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Twitter API Analytics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Twitter API uses three ways of searching through the application of keywords. One of the methods is the trend search, which allows researchers to track the popularity of the keywords over a particular time (Yardi Boyd, 2010). The second method is the basic Twitter search that tends to track people who utilize the keywords on their tweets and re-tweets. The final method is the search on influence. The data from the searches are normally sorted in tweets and re-tweets. Such information is provided in diverse formats including time series graphs. The trend search, basic Twitter search and the search on influence form the foundation of various models researchers have utilized to study innumerable behaviors and events patterns on Twitter (Humphreys, 2011). Researchers utilize various tools to collect and analyze the information, which are then customized into a single timeframe and serve various functions including comparisons to the statistics of different studies. The Opportunities and Challenges in the Application of APIs Lomborg and Bechmann (2014) argued that APIs enables social media researchers to have an easy access of data particularly from the social media companies. Essentially, the APIs enables third party developers attach novel add-ons to the prevailing services. The APIs provide interface that allow researchers to gather more information off a particular social media services that can be used for quantitative or qualitative analysis (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). APIs as a research tool offers significant opportunities for the studies that are either qualitative or quantitative. The API platform allows easy automation of data col lection, analysis and storage (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). The cleaning and storage of data are also conducted sequentially and automatically. Combined with other web-based digital research tools, the data accessibility are traced to their usage patterns in greater detail more than what other data collection methods such as interviews and surveys provide. Through the use of API, the data collection is prompt and nonintrusive (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). How Various Researchers have used API as the Data Collection Method The API platform has been used widely by various researchers to study a wide range of correlations on particular sub-sets of human behaviors and events patterns within Twitter. For instance, Boyd and Crawford (2012) examined how large volumes of data can be mined, evaluated and stored through the application of API tools.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Misopoulos, Mitic, Kapoulas and Karapiperis (2014) applied the Twitter API tools to examine the trends in customer behaviors and experiences in the airline industry. Further, Mooney, Winstanley and Corcoran (2011) also examined how API offered by Twitter can be used to evaluate environmental issues. Moreover, Bruns and Burgess (2012) examined innovative approaches applied by researchers to collect and analyze large quantity of data from Twitter. In their study, the researchers outlined the manner in which Twitter is applied in covering the main events with emphasis on the use of hashtags, which are the keywords that identify a tweet as critical in an ongoing discussion. Twitter provides a critical degree of data access through its Application Programming Interphase (API) platform. While API is an interface that is designed to be predominantly used by Twitter clients, it can also be applied in tracking current events by other users (Bruns Burgess, 2012). The limitations on such proc esses are comparatively low and the tools for such examinations are provided to the researchers. Researchers can apply various API tools that are readily available including yourTwapperKeeper (yTK) to access data (Bruns Burgess, 2012). With minor modifications in order to make data export improvements, the yTK is normally applied to track a significant number of keywords on particular events spontaneously. The increased processing and assessments of the collected data sets discloses numerous significant patterns. Numerous approaches of data analysis are also available to the researchers (Bruns Burgess, 2012). The network analysis and visualization, statistical packages and data-processing software are available to the researchers. The researchers would apply these data processing tools depending on the variables under the study as well as the methodology (Bruns Burgess, 2012).Further, API has been found to provide the real-time data within the social media network. Purohit et al. (2013) applied the Twitter streaming API to provide the real-time information from the tweet collections. Through the use of the Twitter search API, the researchers are capable of selecting conversational tweets in one response based on the keyword feed preceded by the hashtag. Using the keyword-based method, the Twitter search API is capable of providing a bout 1500 recent tweets in a single response while eliminating tweets from private users. The search query is capable of providing the related metadata including the timestamp, location and the details of the author. The API can be applied to study the topological characteristics of Twitter and its capability as a novel medium through which people share information. The API can be used to collect information on the user profile, trending topics and the tweet messages.  The researchers can use various analytical tools including network, ranking and trending analyses to examine the attributes of Twitter. The study on the topolog ical characteristics of Twitter was first conducted by Kwak et al. (2010). The study conducted by Kwak et al. (2010) formed the foundation on which other studies using the API as a method of data collection to examine the attributes of other social media networks are based. The Twitter’s API offer unprecedented opportunity for both physical and social scientists to study the behaviors of people within the social media platform (Kwak et al., 2010). Researchers have also used API to store and analyze data for real-time applications. Kumar, Morstatter and Liu (2013) explored how information from Twitter can be collected, stored and analyzed. In fact, Kumar et al. (2013) examined the collection of Twitter information through its free APIs and the manner in which such information can be stored for real-time applications. Various measures and algorithms can be applied in the analysis of data sets from various social media networks (Kumar et al., 2013)  The free Twitter API is a c ritical data collection tool that has led to the development and application of studies in diverse areas including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief and management. Disaster relief and management as well as the humanitarian assistance are areas that have been widely benefitted from Twitter information to increase awareness to the crisis situation (Kumar et al., 2013). Through the application of free Twitter APIs, the researchers can accurately predict the occurrences of major disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis by identifying the relevant users to follow in order to acquire the disaster related information (Kumar et al., 2013). The Twitter’s API has been widely used to study disasters and major events across the globe. For instance, Murthy and Longwell (2013) applied the Twitter API to examine how users tweeted and re-tweeted during the Pakistan floods. In their study, the researchers examined the tweets and re-tweets links between the traditional and social media and in which countries the most tweets are from as well as relationship between the location and the traditional versus social media. The use of API normally follows similar procedures. The only differences are the methods of analysis and the subject of the study (Murthy Longwell, 2013). The studies by Kumar et al. (2013) as well as Murthy and Longwell (2013) provided instances where the researches on the applicability of social media in relation to disaster events have grown over the past years covering a wide range of sites and procedures. The ongoing researches such as those conducted by Kumar et al. (2013) as well as Murthy and Longwell (2013) on the use of API have centered on Twitter use as a critical turning point in increasing awareness as well as a measure through which such problems can be mitigated. The uses of Twitter in covering most of the disastrous stories legitimize the site as a journalistic space ((Murthy Longwell, 2013). As such, researchers including Kum ar et al. (2013) as well as Murthy and Longwell (2013) have concentrated their studies on how users tend to tweet and re-tweet in order to examine the trends, which remain critical information in predicting the major global events.  The volume of data also affects the manner API is used in the studies. For instance, Murthy and Longwell (2013) collected their Twitter data through the accessibility of Twitter search API stream during the time when the text string â€Å"Pakistan† was most active. Given the large volume of data, the researchers applied the Social Network Analysis (SNA) to scrutinize the data and come up with the relationships under the study. Through various analytical models researchers can come up with varied patterns on data.The ongoing application of Twitter API on main events has emphasized on single cases (Bruns Stieglitz, 2012). The comparative studies on the dynamics of patterns on numerous events are deficient. Few comparative studies have resulted in to new discrete discussions. For instance, in their comparative study on the dynamics and patterns of large number communication events on Twitter, Bruns and Stieglitz (2012) identified various discrete forms of deliberations that can be witnessed on Twitter. Through the use of a wide range of communication metrics, Bruns and Stieglitz (2012) indicated that diverse types of tools available to Twitter users can be influenced by thematic and contextual factors. The study by Bruns and Stieglitz (2012) is an example of an analytical view of the inclusive metrics of the Twitter discussions from various contents. Further, the studies on the uses of Twitter through the application of its API have emphasized on the isolated and critical events including political and crisis communications, popular culture as well as events such as sports (Bruns Stieglitz, 2013). The studies also center on the applicability of the Twitter search stream API, which often provide a coordinated keywords with ha shtag ‘#’ placed in front of the word (Bruns Stieglitz, 2013). However, such studies are deficient of standard metrics that can be used to relate message arrangements across the cases and events under the study (Bruns Stieglitz, 2013). While addressing these problems of the API methodology in their study, Bruns and Stieglitz (2013) provided an index of extensively applied homogeneous metrics for scrutinizing Twitter-based communications with central focus on exchanges that emphasize a particular hashtag. The researchers presented the importance of such indices in comparing communication patterns and the extent to which the use of such metrics can attain in comparing communication exchanges.  While most Twitter studies emphasize on the detection of events through the application of algorithms that depends on keywords and the capacity of tweets on that particular events, an alternative analysis of tweets also occurs (Graves, McDonald Goggins, 2014). Graves et al. (20 14) looked at the occurrence of alternative analysis through the use of low-volume data. Instead of using high-density tweets, the researchers analyzed low-volume tweets based on keywords though not linked to spikes in tweets-per-minute. The events Graves et al. (2014) studied are not readily detected by the current API event-detection algorithm, which depend on the tweet volume to drive the analytical engine. The study by Graves et al. (2014) demonstrated that there are various ways in which Twitter can be conceptualized through the application of theories integrated within the study. Challenges and Limitations on the use of Twitter API The applicability of API as a method of data collection has several limitations (Metzger, 2014). API is not only acting as a barrier in information gathering due to privacy precautions, but also in terms of the applicable tools (Metzger, 2014). Bruns and Stieglitz (2012) indicated that thematic and contextual factors influence the application of the tools available to the Twitter’s API users. The limitations affect the academic researchers that wholly depend on tracking the current events and activities as well as thematic interests of large and representative samples of Twitter users (Bruns Burgess, 2012).  The use of the digital footprint in the data collection, analysis and storage also present various issues (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). In other words, applying web-based tools combined with APIs platform is deficient in terms of generalization of data. Researchers have always resented on the generalization of data through the use of digital platforms. Lomborg and Bechmann (2014) presented significant procedural deliberations of the prospects and problems linked to both qualitative and empirical social media studies through the application of the APIs. Generally, wide-ranging methodological issues should be taken into consideration while gathering and evaluating data through the application of the APIs. Further, it is critical to examine the effects of legal and moral implications of empirical studies that apply APIs as a data collection method (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). Issues related to generalization, reliability and validity of data collected through the use of APIs are often emerging. The use of content is also vcevolving as a critical legal and ethical issue while applying APIs as a data collection method in the empirical studies (Lomborg Bechmann, 2014). Moreover, the information available through API is partial unless one is a third-party API provider. The restrictions on the use of APIs affect the academic studies that wholly depend on tracking the current events and activities as well as thematic interests of large and representative samples of Twitter users (Bruns Burgess, 2012). The applications of tools are also influenced by various factors including cost constraints, security and accessibility. While information from Twitter can easily be obtained through APIs, the API as a da ta collection method has various challenges that must be observed. According to Kumar et al. (2013), the Twitter streaming API provides about 1% of the sampled Twitter data. As such, care should be taken while conducting studies from information collected from the streaming Twitter API. Conclusion The studies of events and human behaviors on Twitter through the application of APIs have taken various forms and procedures. The APIs enables social media researchers to have an easy access to data particularly from the social media companies such as Twitter and Facebook. In essence, APIs interface enables third-party users to attach novel add-ons to the prevailing services. The APIs provides interface that allow researchers to gather more information off a particular social media services that can be used for quantitative or qualitative analysis. 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